CORRECT USE OF SOME ADJECTIVES
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1- some, any का प्रयोग-
Some का प्रयोग Quantity (मात्रा) तथा degree (स्तर) प्रकट करने के लिये सामान्यत: निश्चयात्मक (affirmative ) वाक्यों में किया जाता है, जबकि Any का प्रयोग निषेधात्मक (negative) तथा प्रश्नवाचक (interrogative) वाक्यों में किया जाता है। जैसे:-
- I shall buy some chairs. ( मैं कुछ कुर्सियाँ खरीदूंगा । )
- I shall not buy any chairs. ( मैं कुर्सियाँ (कोई भी कुर्सी ) नहीं खरीदूंगा। )
- Have you bought any chairs ? ( क्या आपने कोई कुर्सी खरीदी है?)
किन्तु Affirmative वाक्यों में Any का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में हो सकता है जब वाक्य if से प्रारम्भ हो जैसे:-
- If you come to me for any book, I shall give you. (यदि आप मेरे पास किसी पुस्तक के लिए आते है तो मैं आपको दूंगा ।)
- If you demand any money, I am here to give you. (यदि आप कुछ धन की माँग करते है तो मैं उसे देने के लिए प्रस्तुत हूँ।)
- If you need any help, call me. (यदि आपको कोई आवश्यकता हो, मुझे याद करें।)
यदि Any शब्द का प्रयोग 'barely', 'hardly, scarcely', 'without' के साथ होता है, जो लगभग निषेधात्मक (Negative) है तो not लगाने की अवश्यकता नहीं होती है। जैसे:-
- He has hardly any time for us ( उसके पास हमारे लिये कठिनता से ही कुछ समय है यानी हमारे लिए समय नहीं है।)
- We swam without any difficulty (हम बिना किसी कठिनाई के तैर गये। यानी सरलता के तैर गए।)
- We had barely any time to catch the train. (ट्रेन पकड़ने के लिये हमारे पास मुश्किल से ही समय था। यानी समय नहीं था )
- I scarcely know any thing about him (मैं उसके सम्बन्ध में मुश्किल से कुछ जानता हूँ, यानी मैं उसके सम्बन्ध में कुछ नहीं जानता। )
2- Each, every का प्रयोग-
Each, every, इन दोनों शब्दों का अर्थ लगभग एक सा है, समान है परन्तु इनमें से Every शब्द अधिक ताकतवर है, इसका तात्पर्य 'बिना अपवाद के प्रत्येक ' ( each without exception) है। Each का प्रयोग दो या अधिक व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं के समूह में पृथक-पृथक प्रत्येक के लिये होता है। यह किसी वर्ग के व्यक्तियों का बोध कराता है, जबकि Every पूरे वर्ग (group) का। जब वर्ग के व्यक्यिों की संख्या सीमित और निश्चित (limited and definite) हो तो each का प्रयोग होता है, परन्तु संख्या अनिश्चित होने पर every का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे:-- He encouraged each one of us. Each man came with a candle.
- Three boys sat on each bench.
- Every seat was taken. Everyone of these chairs is broken.
- It rained every day during my stay at home (जब तक मैं घर पर रहा, प्रतिदिन पानी बरसता रहा।).
- Every boy in the class passed the examination.
- I have read every book (=all the books) on that shelf. (मैने उस अलमारी की प्रत्येक (= यानी आलमारी की सभी पुस्तकें ) पुस्तक पढ़ ली है।).
ध्यान दें- जब 'every' का प्रयोग होता है तो हमारा ध्यान समूह की इकाइयों (units) की तरफ रहता है जिन इकाइयों से सम्पूर्ण (whole) का गठन होता है। परन्तु जब 'cach' का प्रयोग होता है तो हमारा ध्यान सामान्यतः इकाई (unit) पर रहता है।
3- Few, a few, the few का प्रयोग-
Few Negative (निषेधात्मक) Adjective है, इसका अर्थ 'not many' (बहुत नहीं अर्थात् थोड़ा) होता है। जैसे:-
- He read few books. [(he did not read many books. ) ( उसने कुछ पुस्तकें पढ़ी यानी उसने बहुत पुस्तकें नहीं पढ़ीं।)].
- Few women can keep a secret. (बहुत कम औरतें कोई भेद गुप्त रख सकती हैं).
- He read a few books. (he read some books, at least, though the number was small) (यानी
उसने कुछ पुस्तकें पढ़ी अवश्य है यद्यपि कि उनकी संख्या कम है।).
- I had only a few rupees left. (मेरे पास कुछ ही रुपये शेष थे। यानी कुछ रुपये थे। )
- A few days' rest Irequire (मुझे कुछ दिनों के लिये विश्राम की आवश्यकता है। )
- He asked me to speak a few words. ( उसने मुझसे कुछ शब्द बोलने को कहा। )
- Only a few Indians can write correct English. ( केवल कुछ ही भारतीय सही अंग्रेजी लिख सकते है।)
The few implies two statements, one Negative and the other Affirmative यह निषेधात्मक और सकारात्मक दोनों को सूचित करता है। जैसे- He read the few books he had ( उसके पास जितनी पुस्तकें थीं, उसने उन्हें पढ़ लिया।) उक्त कथन के दो अर्थ है-
(i) जो पुस्तकें उसके पास थीं, अधिक नहीं थीं। (The books he had were not many (Negative).
(ii) He read all the books he had (Affirmative).
4- Little, a little, the little का प्रयोगः -
Little is a Negative Adjective and means 'not much' (यह निषेधात्मक विशेषण है इसका अर्थ 'अधि क नहीं') है। जैसे:-
- There is little hope of his recovery. ( उसके पुन:स्वस्थ होने की आशा कम ही है यानी न के बराबर है।)
- He had little money. (=not much money). ( उसके पास कम पैसे थे। यानी अधिक पैसे नहीं थे।).
A little is an Affirmative and means 'some at least' (a certain quantity, however little. (यानी निश्चित ही कुछ मात्रा, भले ही कम हो) जैसे:-
- He had a little money (= some mony at least although the amount was small) ( कुछ धन उसके पास था, यद्यपि कम था )
- A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. (अल्प ज्ञान खतरनाक होता है।).
The little means not much but all that there is. ( इसका अर्थ 'अधिक नहीं बल्कि जो कुछ है, वह सब' होता है। इस कथन के दो अर्थ है, पहला निषेधात्मक ( Negative) और दूसरा सकारात्मक (Affirmative ) जैसे:- He spent the little mony he had. इसका अर्थ है-
(i) The money he had was not much (Negative).
(ii) He spent all the money he had (Affirmative).
5- Much, many, many a का प्रयोग-
Much is an Adjective of quantity and refers to a large quantity. It is used before uncountable nouns. (यह मात्रा का सूचक विशेषण है और अगणनीय संज्ञाओं के पूर्व ( before ) प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:-
- We don't have much time. (हमारे पास अधिक समय नहीं रहता है )
- He has lost much weight. ( उसने अपना वजन (मोटापा) बहुत कम कर लिया है।)
Many संख्या की ओर इशारा करता है और यह गणनीय संज्ञा (countable nouns) के पूर्व ( before ) प्रयुक्त होता है जैसे:-
- Many boys went to the principal . ( अनेक छात्र प्राचार्य के पास गये।)
- He bought many books and pens. ( उसने कई पुस्तकें और पेन क्रय किया)
- The shop contains many articles of interest. (दुकान में रुचि की बहुत वस्तुएँ है।)
Many a, का अर्थ many men होता है, इसका प्रयोग एकवचन की संज्ञा और एक वचन के verb के साथ होता है, लेकिन अर्थ (meaning) वस्तुत: Plural (बहुवचन) का होता है Many men में men को collectively (समूह में लिया जाता है, जबकि 'many a man' में मनुष्यों को singly (एकाकी) रूप से लिया जाता है। उदाहरण देखें:-
- Many a young man has served his country. ( बहुत से युवक अपने देश की सेवा किये। )
- Many a freedom fighter has laid his life for the country. ( अनेक स्वतंत्रता संग्राम सेनानी देश के लिए कुर्बान हो गये।)
- Many a good man has been destroyed by drink.( बहुत से अच्छे व्यक्ति शराब पान से बर्बाद हो गये। )
- Many a student aspires first division. (सब विद्यार्थी प्रथम श्रेणी की अभिलाषा रखते है।).
Exercise-38
Insert 'a little' or 'the little' whichever is suitable :- ('A little' or ' the little' में से जो उचित हो उससे रिक्त स्थान भरिये।):-
1. ............. grain they had was damaged by insects.
2. ..............precaution is necessary in driving the car.
3. ..............care may prevent the accident.
4. you must use................influence to the best advantage.
Exercise-39
Insert 'a few' or 'the few' whichever is suitable:-
1. ...........government hospitals that we have are not well equipped.
2. ............days that are with him, he spends in Yoga and meditation.
3. .............Hindus study Sanskrit.
4. .............days' rest will suffice me.
5. Have you go...........tomatoes left?
6. There is no question of spending...........rupees.
7......... hints in the Examination Hall will do much.
8. ...........days we spent at Bandhavgarh, were very entertaining.
9. When I met him............ years after, he looked old and gloomy.
10. He wrote........short stories which show his keen interest in social problems.
11. In.............words he expressed his gratitude.
12. ............Muslims read the Ramayan and the Gita.
13. .............friends he has, are not good persons.
14. I requested the sarpunch to speak..........words in the meeting.
15. I wouldnot like to lend you...........books.
Exercise-40
Correct the following sentences: - (नीचे लिखे वाक्यों को सही कीजिये । ).
1. He is superior than me in school.
2. The tallest of the two brothers is the most intellgent.
3. Gold is more heavy than silver.
4. Udai Raj is my older brother.
5. Bihari is elder than Ramswaroop in service.
6. Hari's restaurant is more cheaper than that of Shiva.
7. Who is the most intelligent - the husband or his wife?
8. My brother is the most industrious than any other worker.
9. Who is senior than him in the office?
10. My sister is five feet high.
11. Amrita is intelligent than beautiful.
12. The all India mourned the death of Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
13. I saw two women, the one was lame and another was deaf.
14. He is the better than the two players.
Exercise-41
Do as directed.
1. Ram is not so industrious as Udai Raj (change into comparative degree.).
2. Chandra Gupta Maurya was one of the greatest of all kings.(change into positive degree).
3. He helps me as well as you do (change into comparative degree).
4. The Elephant is the largest animal (change into comparative degree).
5. Very few towns in India are so big as Mumbai (change into superlative degree).
6. No other exercise is so healthy as swimming.(change into comparative degree).
7. You are not as wise as he (change into comparative degree).
8. You are taller than I (change intopositive degree).
9. No other city in Uttarpradesh is so big as kanpur (change it into comparative and superlative degree).
10. Lybia is one of the richest countries (change it into positive and comparative degree.)
Answer Exercise-38
1. The little 2.Alittle 3.Alittle 4. The little 5. Alittle.
Exercise-39
1. The few 2. the few. 3. A few 4. a few. 5. a few.
6. A few. 7. The few. 8. the few. 9. A few. 10. a few.
11. A few. 12. A few. 13. the few. 14. a few. 15. a few.
Exercise - 40
1. He is superior to me
2. The taller of the two brothers is the most intelligent
3. Gold is heavier than silver.
4. Udai Raj is my elder brother.
5. Bihari is older than Ram swaroopin service.
6. Hari's-restaurant is cheaper than that of shiva.
7. Who is the more intelligent- the husband or his wife.
8. My brother is more industrious than any other worker.
9. Who is senior to him in the office?
10. My sister is five feet tall.
11. Amrita is more intelligent than beautiful.
12. The whole of India mourned at the death of Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
13. I saw two women, the one was lame and the other was deaf.
14. He is the better of the two players.
Exercise- 41
1. Udai Raj is more industriour than Ram.
2. Few kings were so great as Chandra Gupta Maurya.
3. You donot help me better than he does.
4. The elephant is larger than all other animals.
5. Mumbai is one of the figgest towns in India.
6. Swimming is healthier than any other exercise.
7. He is wiser than you.
8. I am not so tall as you are.
9. (i) Kanpur is brigger than any other city in uttar pradesh.
(ii) Kanpur is the biggest city in U.P.
10. (i) Very few countiries are as rich as Lybia (Positive degree).
(ii) Lybia is richer than most other countries (Comp. degree).
